Background & aims: Lead poisoning is a global problem and considered to be the most important environmental disease in children. Exposure to even low amounts of lead is dangerous. Lead containing eye make ups due to the long time contact with skin and eye mucosa can lead to blood and eye symptoms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of lead in powders of kohl in Kerman.Method: In this study, from 12 types of kohl in Kerman sale centers, 48 samples were prepared. After preparation, the lead content of samples has been measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery.Results: Mean concentration of lead in measured samples was 254.5mg/g. Minimum and maximum concentrations of lead were 3.2mg/g and 1219.4mg/g, respectively. Totally, average lead concentrations of plant-base samples were lower than that of mineral-base ones.Conclusion: According to the results, high levels of lead in available SURMAs in Kerman city requires some cultural measures for changing peoples’ attitudes toward using this cosmetics as eyeliner or revision in their formulation in order to remove lead or decrease it to the standard limit. Since use of Kohl is associated with increase of lead in blood and ocular problems, determination of blood lead concentration and ocular problems in consumer groups are highly recommended.

Introduction: The eye of human is one of the most complex organs. Every day regardless to this subject, all of us look at the various and beautiful scenes of nature for hours. We can see the near and far objects and keep ourselves from possible hazards of the environment. This sensitive organ is vulnerable more than other organs due to the excessive exposure to the external stimuli. Certainly, eye needs more care by considering the importance of its conception for each individual. This article was discussed the advantages of using SURMA in the care and health of human eyes according to Islamic Hadith.Methods: The eye care is not new discussion and it has been dealt with from many years ago. The salient points of eye care could predate the rise of Islam, the life of its missionaries, the innocent people (PBUT) who were the pattern of purity and health and the greatest scientists of the world. They consequently recommended using the beneficial natural materials for eyes such as SURMA (Ethmed, Kajal and Kohl). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the eye health through the scientific and Islamic resources of libraries about SURMA.Findings: SURMA is soothing and protective object for eyes against the sunlight, it treats the eye infections and it is a natural substance for makeup of eyelashes if it is provided from the reliable source. Using and applying principles of SURMA were emphasized in more than 70 authentic Hadith and narrations. But if SURMA is polluted by high concentrations of contaminants such as lead, cadmium, nickel and particularly microbial ones, it itself will hurt the eye.Conclusion: Using of SURMA is very lucrative especially if it is made from safe and sure source.

Water samples have been collected from a part of SURMA RIVER along different points and analyzed for various water quality parameters during dry and monsoon periods. Effects of industrial wastes, municipal sewage, and agricultural runoff on RIVER water quality have been investigated. The study was conducted within the Chattak to Sunamganj portion of SURMA RIVER, which is significant due to the presence of two major industries-a paper mill and a cement factory. The other significant feature is the conveyors that travel from India to Chattak. This study involves determination of physical, biological and chemical parameters of surface water at different points. The RIVER was found to be highly turbid in the monsoon season. But BOD and fecal coliform concentration was found higher in the dry season. The water was found slightly acidic. The mean values of parameters were Conductivity 84-805μs; DO: dry-5.52 mg/L, monsoon-5.72 mg/L; BOD: dry-1 mg/L, monsoon-0.878 mg/L; Total Solid: dry-149.4 mg/L, monsoon-145.7 mg/L. A model study was also conducted and values of different model parameters were estimated.

Detailed log facies studies of the Miocene Succession in the Rashidpur-04Well, Rashidpur Structure, SURMA Basin, were carried out by integrating wireline logs and limited core sample data in order to reconstruct the paleoenvironment of the deposition. Based on the analysis of log motifs, grain sizes, sand/shale ratios and major changes in gamma ray log motifs, two major depositional sequences were identified in the Rashidpur-04 Well which consist of 17 para-sequence sets and 22 para-sequences. Serrated bell, funnel, cylindrical, egg/bow and linear log facies were identified in the study well. Lithology indicates that the whole well interval consists of alterations of sandstone, siltstone, shale and prodelta facies. Rashidpur Sequence-2 is thought to have been deposited in tidal flat to shallow marine conditions with prograding and retrograding delta front conditions, whereas Rashidpur Sequence-1 is assumed to have been deposited under tidal channel, distributary channel, tidal flat, mudflat, marine inter-distributary bay to shallow and deep marine conditions. Rashidpur Sequence-2 was deposited in comparatively deep water conditions while Rashidpur Sequence-1 was deposited in relatively shallow water conditions. From the present study it can be concluded that the Miocene Succession was coarsening upward in nature and may have been deposited under a prograding deltaic system.

Objectives: Ahawzas one of the metropolises of Iran in classified among lowland plains with low slope in terms of topography. In this city, unsystematic construction and immediate rainfalls and showers are the mainsources of flooded street.Method: The present study has a descriptive-analytical approach and is based on causality method. using geographic information system software (GIS) and RIVER tools techniques, this study seeks to identify and manage of surface waters and urban floods in District 1 of Ahwaz during rainfalls and then the maps of slope, their direction and areas with flooding potentials are prepared.Findings/ Results: given the low slope of the area, the gravity drainage and pumping of water to Karoon RIVER is impossible due tohighcosts. However, using GIS analysis, the natural routes are determined for water drainage and finally, the map of proposed surface water disposal system in the study area is presented.Conclusion and Suggestion: In District 1 of Ahwaz, the tree orhierarchical surface water collection network has been predicted based on urban streets and alleys. The collected wateris directed to the channels and then transferred to Karoon RIVER.

Harirud RIVER with an international nature is shared between Afghanistan, Iran and Turkmenistan and currently there is no treaty among these states regarding the division of its water resources. In recent years, after the construction of the Doosti Dam by Iran and Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, as an upstream state is moving towards hydro-hegemonic policy in the region by building various dams which restrain and divert the water flow of this RIVER in order to decrease the downstream countries’ water rights. On the other hand, due to the high importance of Harirud water resources for Iran, continuing this type of behavior by Afghanistan might cause conflicts and create security risks among these countries in the near future. Therefore, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the study aims at examining the issue according to international legal documents in the field of sharing common water resources. Finally, the findings indicate that the best and most practical method for exploitation of Harirud water resources is based on the theory of limited territorial sovereignty and implementation of the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization of common water resources by Afghanistan, without causing significant harm to downstream states.

A B S T R A C TThe morphology of each region is related to its landforms, the morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. The presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to the morphology of these areas. The study of these landforms and the effective factors in their formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to the studies, various factors play a role in the formation of inselbergs, and the role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with the method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying them, we came to the conclusion that the inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among the geological formations, the largest and most diverse inselbergs in the Safiabad plain are formed in the mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is the most widespread in this plain. But the most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in the formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although the extent of these formations is not significant, but due to their significant resistance to erosion and being far from these processes, they have caused the formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in the plains. Their resistance to erosion has caused them to be considered capable players in the morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to their uniqueness in desert areas, these areas are of interest to tourists, and the economic situation of these areas can be improved by attracting tourists. The prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to their studies, the most important of which are the studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although the conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of Iran, and these landforms have given a particular face to the morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on them so far. This research attempts to investigate the role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad Plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in the northeast of Iran and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study the inselbergs of this plain. The entire region was surveyed in 2 years in the field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. Then, the location and extent of their expansion were determined. In the morphometry that was done as a survey, the minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and their distance from each other were measured with GPS. The study of the concepts, definitions, and effective processes in inselberg formation was done with the library method. The maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in the studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of them are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in other rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in the same formation have the same shape. Although the dominant lithology of the Safi Abad plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to the different resistance of its formations, the height, shape, and slope of the inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of the region. The difference in these characteristics has caused the different shapes of the land in this plain. According to the studies of the most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to the resistance against the erosion of the complete inselbergs.After this formation, the Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in the region have formed in it. The third formation in terms of resistance is the Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of the area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to the different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have the same morphology. The inselbergs formed in this formation are in the middle part of the high area, low in the southern part, incomplete in the western part, and incomplete mushrooms in the path of the Gerati RIVER. After this formation, gray shales are the most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to the Jurassic period, has formed a large part of the northeastern inselbergs. The alternation of limestone and marl in the Delichai formations in the middle part of the region provides the basis for the formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in the future. ConclusionSafiabad Plain is in the northeast of Iran, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of the morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and their detailed study showed that their primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in the Devonian to Miocene period with the formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when the tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to the lithology and erosion of the inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, the well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. The southern inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, the middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the distance from higher erosion, and the western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the superiority of blue erosion. Another formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is the second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. The Shemshak formation is placed after the Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused the formation of chain inselbergs in the northeast of the region. The most typical inselbergs of the region are observed in the thick layered limestones of the formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of the world and even in sedimentary formations. However, the inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The Lateshur Watershed is a part of Central Iranian drainage basin located northeast of the city of Pakdasht in northeastern Tehran Province. This watershed has an elongate form and its surface area is more than 22.2 square kilometer. It is a part of central Alborz zone and geologically is composed of Neogen red beds units, Hezardareh Formation and Quaternary alluviums.Geomorphologic studies show that this watershed is within an anticline and surrounded by Dahaneh Mountains in the south and Gara-aghaj Mountains in the north respectively. Structural and lithological variability have a very important role in the formation of this watershed; therefore, the watershed has the same trend as structures (NW-SE). Based on this study, the Lateshur RIVER has a braided pattern with gravelly bed. Sedimentological studies along RIVERs in Lateshur basin show that three basic factor (sudden changes in slope gradient, floods events and distributaries) are the main reasons for changes in texture of bed load sediments within the channel as well as the break in sedimentary links. Lithofacies identified in this watershed include gravelly (Gmm, Gmg, Gcm, Gt), sandy (Sp, Sm, St, Sh) and muddy (Fl, Fr). Based on lithofacies, Boundary surface and current direction architecture elements identified in main RIVER of Lateshur basins include: (1) Gravel bars and Bed forms [Element GB], (2) Lateral Accretion deposits [Element LA], (3) Sandy bed forms [Element SB] and (4) Fine grain classtic deposits [Element FF]. Also, based an lithofacies and architectural elements, Facies models have been purposed for the Lateshur RIVER from upstream toward downstream as fallows: Shallow gravel braided RIVER, Gravel wandering RIVER, Gravel bed meandering RIVER, Sandy meandering rive and Fining grain meandering RIVER.

Iran has common borders in 1336 Kilometers direct line with its western neighbor Iraq from Dalamparagh to Bandar Fav. The borders of Iran whether in water or in land are such that weaken the position of Iraq. Kermanshah province is a mountainous region between Iran plateau and Mesopotamia plain and is completely covered with peaks and heights of Zagros, and the heights of border areas of Kermanshah province dominate the Mesopotamia plain and provide a very favorable condition for attack operations. Observing the political map of Iran in Kermanshah province we could see that the borders of Ghasre Shirin and Naft are among convex borders of Iran and could be very tempting for Iran regarding military and political aspects. For this reason Iraq started its military attack to border cities of Ghasre Shirin and Naft when it commenced war with Iran. In this article we will review the border regions of Kermanshah province and its role in the military and political targets.

According to this reality that in Iran, especially in Khuzestan, there are many RIVERs, and also due to extensive dam construction in this area, it is important to determine the rate of sediment transport. Simulation of sediment transport in Dez RIVER (between Harmaleh & Bamdezh reach) has been carried out by HEC-RAS 4.0 and GSTARS 2.1 models. In this paper, models were run by theoretical sediment transport relations to compare the results of laboratory data, and determine the best relation for calculating the RIVER sediment. It compares the two model outputs and depicts the difference between one-dimensional and quasi two-dimensional models and also the results of sensitivity analysis on these models. At last, the rate of sediment transport was estimated.